Le RRI, outil d’optimisation du patrimoine successoral

mains_transfert_or_adultes_couple_argent_425La réforme fiscale fédérale risque de rendre la conservation des nouveaux placements passifs dans les sociétés privées à des fins d’­épargne-retraite moins attrayante. Une solution existe : le régime de retraite individuel (RRI).

En plus d’être habituellement un régime fiscalement plus intéressant que le ­REER (cotisations déductibles par la société, meilleur accès à la déduction pour gain en capital par purification de la société, prestations déterminées fractionnables entre conjoints peu importe l’âge, etc.), le ­RRI peut s’avérer avantageux en matière de succession.

Sous certaines conditions, l’actif conservé dans un ­RRI peut aussi l’être pour le bénéfice d’un enfant participant. Dans ce cas, la stratégie permet le report de l’impôt sur l’actif accumulé jusqu’à ce que l’enfant reçoive des prestations ou à la fermeture du régime.

En vertu de l’article 8300 du ­Règlement de l’impôt sur le revenu (RIR)[1], un RRI peut être mis en place pour un ou plusieurs participants rattachés[2] ou non rattachés à la société cotisante. Tous les participants doivent être des employés de la société. Par exemple, un ­RRI pour personnes rattachées peut être mis en place pour le propriétaire d’une entreprise et son enfant s’ils sont employés.

Désignation du bénéficiaire

Au ­Québec, les ­RRI pour personnes rattachées ou non rattachées sont régis par la ­Loi sur les régimes complémentaires de retraite (LRCR)[3], la ­Loi de l’impôt sur le revenu (LIR)[4] et le ­RIR. Le ­RRI pour personnes non rattachées est régi par l’ensemble de la ­LRCR. Les prestations au décès d’un participant relèvent des articles 85 et suivants ­LRCR. En vertu de ces dernières dispositions, au décès du participant, le conjoint[5] bénéficie d’un droit prioritaire sur l’actif accumulé au régime.

Le ­RRI pour personnes rattachées n’est assujetti qu’à certaines dispositions de la ­LRCR[6]. L’une d’entre elles prévoit que la désignation du bénéficiaire est visée par les articles 2445 à 2459 du ­Code civil du ­Québec (CCQ)[7]. Selon ces articles, sous réserve des règles relatives au patrimoine familial, si applicables[8], le conjoint marié, uni civilement ou de fait n’est pas automatiquement bénéficiaire du solde du ­RRI. Le participant est libre de désigner celui de son choix.

Pour des raisons actuarielles, le participant pourrait désigner un conjoint à titre de bénéficiaire de l’actif du ­RRI, mais définir un statut de conjoint dans le document constitutif du ­RRI qui différerait du statut réel de son conjoint (par exemple, indiquer que seul le conjoint marié ou uni civilement peut être bénéficiaire alors que son partenaire est un conjoint de fait). Dans ce cas, il ne pourrait pas être considéré bénéficiaire.

Le document constitutif du ­RRI pourrait ainsi prévoir qu’en l’absence de conjoint (tel que défini au régime), à la fin de la période de garantie, l’actif accumulé au régime soit plutôt conservé au bénéfice du ou des participant(s) survivant(s), par exemple, l’enfant.

L’impôt serait reporté au moment où l’enfant retirerait des prestations de retraite ou mettrait fin au ­RRI. Advenant qu’il ait ­lui-même un enfant employé de la société qui répond aux exigences pour participer au ­RRI, la même stratégie pourrait être employée et il y aurait un nouveau report de l’impôt sur le solde du ­RRI.

Au plan fiscal, le ­RRI comporte plusieurs avantages connus. Toutefois, il présente aussi de l’intérêt du point de vue successoral. Contrairement au ­REER légué à un enfant financièrement indépendant, imposé à sa juste valeur marchande entre les mains du défunt dans l’année de son décès, les éléments d’actif du ­RRI peuvent être transférés de génération en génération avec report d’impôt.

 

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